Science in a Closed Loop: When AI Writes, Cites and Validates Itself

Authors

  • Helena Donato Serviço Documentação e Informação Científica, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra; Editora Técnica, SPMI Case Reports https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1905-1268

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.60591/crspmi.598

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References

1. Ibrahim EI, Voyer A. Qualitative research with LLM chatbots: Technological reflexivity for interpretative technology. Qualitative Res. 2025;26:133-59. doi: 10.1177/14687941251390794

2. Donato H. Inteligência Artificial na Publicação Científica: Implicações para Autores, Revisores e Editores. Rev Port Med Interna. 2025;32:234-7.doi: 10.24950/rspmi.2846.

3.Topaz M, Roguin N, Gupta P, Zhang Z, Peltonen LM. Fabricated citations: an audit across 2·5 million biomedical papers. Lancet. 2026;407:1779-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00603-3.

4. Naddaf M, Quill E. Hallucinated citations are polluting the scientific literature. What can be done? Nature. 2026;652:26-9. doi: 10.1038/d41586-026-00969-z.

5.Flanagin A, Kendall-Taylor J, Bibbins-Domingo K. Guidance for Authors, Peer Reviewers, and Editors on Use of AI, Language Models, and Chatbots. JAMA. 2023;330:702-3. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.12500.

6.Metze K, Morandin-Reis RC, de Ávila Reis MF, da Silva Fago M, Florindo JB. Misinformation, false positives and delegation of tasks - Large Language Models should not be used for the detection of retracted literature - A study of 21 Chatbots. J Clin Anesth. 2025;107:112032. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.112032.

Published

31-07-2026

How to Cite

Donato, H. (2026). Science in a Closed Loop: When AI Writes, Cites and Validates Itself. SPMI Case Reports, 4(1), 4–5. https://doi.org/10.60591/crspmi.598